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Vertebral Column with the CraniumThe ligaments connecting the vertebral column with the cranium may be divided into two sets; those uniting the atlas with the occipital bone, and those connecting the axis with the occipital bone. 1. THE ARTICULATION OF THE ATLAS WITH THE OCCIPITAL BONE The articulation between the atlas and the occipital bone consists of a pair of condyloid joints. The ligaments connecting the bones are; two capsular, anterior and posterior atlanto-occipital membrane. The capsular ligaments surround the condyles of the occipital bone and the superior articular facets of the atlas : they are thin and loose and are lined with synovial membrane. Their lateral portions are directed obliquely upwards and medially, and are reinforced by bundles of fibers, which are attached above to the jugular processes of the occipital bone, and below to the bases of the transverse processes of the atlas. The atlanto-occipital joints frequently communicate with the joint between the odontoid process and the transverse ligament of the atlas. The anterior atlanto-occipital membrane (fig. 514) is broad, and composed of densely woven fibers which pass between the anterior margin of the foramen magnum above, and the upper border of the anterior arch of the atlas below; laterally it is continuous with the capsular ligaments; in front, it is strengthened in the median plane by the continuation of the anterior longitudinal ligament, a strong, rounded cord, which connects the basilar part of the occipital bone to the tubercle on the anterior arch of the atlas (fig. 514).
 The posterior atlanto-occipital membrane (fig. 515), broad but thin, is connected above to the posterior margin of the foramen magnum; below, to the upper border of the posterior arch of the atlas. On each side it arches over the groove for the vertebral artery, and with this groove bounds an opening for the entrance of the artery and the exit of the first cervical nerve. The free border of the membrane, arching over the artery and nerve, is sometimes ossified.
 Movements.----The movements permitted in this joint are (a) flexion and extension, which give rise to the ordinary forward and backward nodding of the bead, and (b) slight lateral motion to one or other side. Muscles producing the movements
2. THE LIGAMENTS CONNECTING THE AXIS WITH THE OCCIPITAL BONE Membrana tectoria. Two alar. Apical ligament. The membrana tectoria (figs. 517, 518) is situated within the vertebral canal, It is a broad, strong band, which covers the odontoid process and its ligaments and appears to be a prolongation upwards of the posterior longitudinal ligament of the vertebral column. It is fixed below to the posterior surface of the body of the axis, and, expanding as it ascends, is attached above to the upper surface of the basilar part of the occipital bone, in front of the foramen magnum, blending with the cranial dura mater. It covers the posterior aspect of the cruciate ligament of the atlas. The alar ligaments of the odontoid process (fig. 517) are two strong, rounded cords, which arise one on each side of the upper part of the odontoid process, and passing obliquely upwards and laterally, are inserted into rough impressions on the medial sides of the condyles of the occipital bone. The alar ligaments limit both rotation and flexion of the cranium and on this account are sometimes called the check ligaments. The apical ligament of the odontoid process (fig. 518), which extends from the tip of the process to the anterior margin of the foramen magnum, lies between, the alar ligaments, being intimately blended with the deep portion of the anterior atlanto-occipital membrane and with the upper longitudinal band of the cruciate ligament of the atlas. It is regarded as a rudimentary intervertebral disc, and may contain traces of the notochord in its substance. It must be remembered that, in addition to the ligaments which unite the atlas and axis to the skull, the ligamentum nuchae connects the cervical vertebrae with the cranium.
 Applied Anatomy.-The ligaments of the vertebral column are so strong, and the bones so interlocked by the arrangement of their articulating processes, that dislocation is very uncommon, and, except in the upper part of the neck, rarely occurs unless accompanied by fracture. Dislocation of the occipital bone from the atlas has been recorded only in one or two cases; but dislocation of the atlas from the axis, with rupture of the transverse ligament of the atlas, is much more common; it is the mode in which death is produced in many cases of execution by hanging. Hanging may however produce a fracture through the axis, or a separation through the disc between the axis and the third cervical vertebra. Below the third cervical vertebra, dislocation without fracture occasionally takes place. |
 Gray's Anatomy 1. Embriology 2. Osteology  Vertebral Column
General Characteristics of a VertebraCervical VertebraThoracic VertebraLumbar VertebraSacral and Coccygeal VertebraVertebral Column as a WholeSternumRibsCostal CartilagesThorax Skull
Introduction Exterior SkullSuperior viewAnterior viewOrbitLateral viewPosterior viewInferior view Interior SkullIntroduction & Skull CapAnterior Cranial FossaMiddle Cranial FossaPosterior Cranial FossaNasal cavityMandibleHyoid Bone Cranial Bones
Occipital BoneSphenoid BoneTemporal BonesParietal BonesFrontal BoneEthmoid BoneInferior Nasal ConchaLacrimal BonesNasal BonesVomerSutural Bones Facial Bones
MaxillaPalatine BoneZygomatic BoneDifferences in Skull due to AgeSex Differences in Skull & Craniology Extremities
Extremities Upper Extremity BonesScapulaClavicleHumerusRadiusUlna HandSkeleton of the HandCarpalsMetacarpalsPhalanges of the HandOssification of bones of the Hand Lower Extremity BonesHip BonePelvisFemurPatellaTibiaFibula FootSkeleton of the FootTarsalsMetatarsalsPhalanges of the FootOssification of bones of the FootComparison of the Bones of the Hand and FootSesamoid Bones 3. Arthrology Trunk Articulations
Mandibular joint (temporomandibular joint) Vertebral Column ArticulationsJoints of the Vertebral BodiesJoints of the Vertebral ArchesSacrococcygeal JointAtlantoaxial Articulation (C1-C2)Vertebral Column with the CraniumCostovertebral ArticulationsSternocostal ArticulationsInterchondral ArticulationsSternal ArticulationsMechanism of the Thorax Upper Extremity Articulations
Sternoclavicular (SC) JointAcromioclavicular (AC) JointLigaments of the ScapulaShoulder Joint (glenohumeral – GH)Elbow JointRadioulnar JointsRadiocarpal Joints (wrist-joint)Intercarpal ArticulationsCarpometacarpal & Intermetacarpal ArticulationsMetacarpophalangeal ArticulationsInterphalangeal Joints Pelvis Articulations
Lower Extremity Articulations
Hip-joint (acetabulofemoral joint - AF)Knee jointTibiofibular JointsAnkle-joint (talocrural)Intertarsal ArticulationsTarsometatarsal & Intermetatarsal ArticulationsMetatarsophalangeal & Interphalangeal ArticulationsArches of the Foot 4. Myology Muscles of the Head
Muscles of the ScalpMuscles of the EyelidMuscles of the NoseMuscles of the MouthMuscles of Mastication Muscles of the Anterolateral Region of the NeckAnterolateral RegionSuperficial & Lateral Cervical MusclesSupra and Infrahyoid MusclesAnterior Vertebral MusclesLateral Vertebral Muscles Muscles of the Trunk
Deep Muscles of the BackSuboccipital MusclesMuscles of the ThoraxMechanism of RespirationMuscles and Fascia of the AbdomenMuscles and Fascia of the PelvisMuscles and Fascia of the PerineumMuscles of the Urogenital Region - MaleMuscles of the Urogenital Region - Female Muscles of the Upper Extremity
Muscles Connecting the Upper Extremity to the Vertebral ColumnMuscles Connecting the Upper Extremity to the Thoracic WallsMuscles and Fascia of the ShoulderMuscles and Fascia of the ArmMuscles and Fascia of the ForearmMuscles and Fascia of the Hand Muscles of the Lower Extremity
Muscles and Fascia of the Iliac Region Muscles and Fascia of the ThighAnterior Femoral MusclesMedial Femoral MusclesMuscles of the Gluteal RegionPosterior Femoral Muscles Muscles and Fascia of the LegAnterior Shin (crural) MusclesPosterior Crural MusclesLateral Crural MusclesFascia Around the AnkleMuscles and Fascia of the Foot 5. Angiology Thoracic Cavity
6. The Arteries Arteries of the Head and Neck
a) Common Carotid ArteryRelationsExternal Carotid Artery Triangles of the Neck Internal Carotid Arteryb) Arteries of the Brain Arteries of the Upper Extremity
Arteries of the Trunk
Descending Aorta Thoracic Aorta Abdominal Aorta Common Iliac Arteries Hypogastric Artery External Iliac Artery Arteries of the Lower Extremity
Femoral Artery Popliteal Fossa Popliteal Artery Anterior Tibial Artery Dorsalis Pedis ArteryPosterior Tibial Artery 7. The Veins Systemic Veins
Veins of the Heart Veins of the Head and NeckVeins of the Exterior of the Head and FaceVeins of the Neck Diploic Veins Veins of the Brain Venous Sinuses of the Dura Mater (Opthalmic and Emissary Veins)Veins of the Upper Extremity and Thorax Veins of the Lower Extremity, Abdomen, and Pelvis 8. The Lymphatic System 9. Neurology Brain or Encephalon
IntroductionHind-brain or RhombencephalonMid-brain or MesencephalonFore-brain or ProsencephalonComposition and Central Connections of the Spinal NervesComposition and Central Connections of the Spinal Nerves 2Pathways from the Brain to the Spinal CordMeninges of the Brain and Medulla Oblongata (Spinalis)Cerebrospinal Fluid Cranial Nerves
Introduction1. Olfactory Nerves2. Optic Nerve3. Oculomotor Nerve4. Trochlear Nerve5. Trigeminal Nerve6. Abducent Nerve7. Facial Nerve8. Acoustic Nerve9. Glossopharyngeal Nerve10. Vagus Nerve11. Accessory Nerve12. Hypoglossal Nerve Spinal Nerves
IntroductionPosterior DivisionsAnterior DivisionsThoracic NervesLumbosacral PlexusSacral and Coccygeal Nerves Sympathetic Nerves
IntroductionCephalic Portion of the Sympathetic SystemCervical Portion of the Sympathetic SystemThoracic Portion of the Sympathetic SystemAbdominal Portion of the Sympathetic SystemPelvic Portion of the Sympathetic SystemGreat Plexuses of the Sympathetic System 10. The Organs of the Senses and the Common Integument The Peripheral Organs of the Special Senses
a. The Organs of Tasteb. The Organ of Smellc. The Organ of Sight 1. The Tunics of the Eye 2. The Refracting Media 3. The Accessory Organs of the Eyed. The Organ of Hearing 1. The External Ear 2. The Middle Ear or Tympanic Cavity 3. The Auditory Ossicles 4. The Internal Ear or Labyrinthe. Peripheral Terminations of Nerves of General Sensations 11. Splanchnology The Respiratory Apparatus
The Respiratory Apparatus a. The Larynx b. The Trachea and Bronchi c. The Pleurae d. The Mediastinum e. The Lungs The Digestive Apparatus
The Digestive Apparatus a. The Mouth b. The Fauces c. The Pharynx d. The Esophagus e. The Abdomen f. The Stomach g. The Small Intestine h. The Large Intestine i. The Liver j. The Pancreas The Urogenital Apparatus
a. Development of the Urinary and Generative OrgansDevelopment of the Urinary and Generative Organs b. The Urinary Organs 1. The Kidneys 2. The Ureters 3. The Urinary Bladder 4. The Male Urethra 5. The Female Urethra c. The Male Genital Organs 1. The Testes and their Coverings 2. The Ductus Deferens 3. The Vesiculae Seminales 4. The Ejaculatory Ducts 5. The Penis 6. The Prostate 7. The Bulbourethral Glands d. The Female Genital OrgansThe Female Genital Organs 1. The Ovaries 2. The Uterine Tube 3. The Uterus 4. The Vagina 5. The External Organs 6. The Mammae The Ductless Glands
a. The Thyroid Glandb. The Parathyroid Glandsc. The Thymusd. The Hypophysis Cerebrie. The Pineal Bodyf. The Chromaphil and Cortical Systemsg. The Spleen 12. Surface Anatomy and Surface Markings Muscle Tables
Muscles of facial expressionMuscles of masticationEye movementPalatePharynxLarynxTongue musclesHyoid MusclesAnterior & Lateral NeckPrevertebralPosterior Neck MusclesSuperficial backDeep backShoulder musclesArm musclesAnterior ForearmPosterior ForearmHand musclesThoracic wallAnterior abdominal wallPosterior abdominal wallPelvic floor musclesGluteal regionPosterior thighAnterior thighMedial thighAnterior & lateral legPosterior legFoot Quizzes 1. Introduction
Anatomical TermsBody RegionsSkeleton IntroductionBones Hand-FootLandmarksJoint ClassificationsActionsMuscle ShapesMuscles Introduction 2. Head & Face
3. Neck
4. Torso
Trunk BonesAnterior TrunkTorso JointsAbdominal Muscles IntroductionBack Muscles IntroductionBack Muscles SuperficialBack Muscles DeepBack Muscles TransversospinalisVertebrae Detailed 5. Shoulder & Arm
6. Forearm, Wrist & Hand
BonesLigamentsAnterior Muscles IntroductionPosterior Muscles IntroductionThenar MusclesCentral Hand MusclesHypothenar Muscles 7. Hip, Thigh & Knee
8. Leg, Ankle & Foot
BonesLigamentsAnterior Leg MusclesLateral Leg MusclesPosterior leg SuperficialPosterior Leg DeepFoot Muscles
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