|
|
|
|
Muscles And Fascia Of The HandVI. THE MUSCLES OF THE HAND
The muscles of the hand are subdivided into three groups:
 The flexor retinaculum (transverse carpal ligament) (figs. 631, 635) is a strong, fibrous band. which crosses the front of the carpus and converts the concavity formed by the anterior surfaces of the carpal bones into a tunnel, through which the flexor tendons of the digits and the median nerve pass. It is attached, medially, to the pisiform bone and to the hook of the hamate bone; laterally it splits into two laminae, a superficial attached to the tubercle of the scaphoid (navicular) and the crest of the trapezium (greater multangular), and a deep, to the medial lip of the groove on the latter bone (fig. 631); the two laminae form with the groove on the trapezium a tunnel, which is lined by a synovial sheath containing the tendon of the Flexor carpi radialis. The retinaculum is continuous, above, with the fascia covering the flexor digitorum sublimis and with the general investing layer of the antebracbial fascia. It is these two layers which separate on reaching the trapezium. It is crossed superficially by the ulnar vessels and nerve, and the palmar cutaneous branches of the median and ulnar nerves. On its palmar surface the tendons of the Palmaris longus and Flexor carpi ulnaris are partly inserted; below it gives origin to some of the short muscles of the thumb and little finger.
 The section is slightly oblique and divides the distal row of the carpus, and the bases of the first, second and third metacarpal bones. The arrangement of the tendons of the flexors of the fingers shown in the figure is not diagrammatic but represents the actual condition at this level. Observe that the carpometacarpal joint of the thumb is shut off from the joint between the trapezium and the base of the second metacarpal bone. A localized thickening in the general investing layer of the antebrachial fascia which extends laterally from the pisiform bone (fig. 637) is termed the superficial part of the flexor retinaculum (volar carpal ligament). It crosses in front of the ulnar vessels and nerves and blends with the rest of the retinaculum on their lateral side. The synovial sheaths of the tendons on the front of the wrist.-Two synovial sheaths envelop the flexor tendons as they traverse the carpal tunnel, one for the Flexores digitorum sublimis et profundus, the other for the Flexor pollicis longus (fig. 635). These sheaths extend into the forearm for about 2.5 cm. above the flexor retinaculum, and occasionally communicate with each other behind that structure. The sheath of the Flexores digitorum tendons reaches about halfway along the metacarpal bones, where it ends in blind diverticula around the tendons to the index, middle, and ring fingers. It is prolonged on the tendons to the little finger and usually communicates with the digital synovial sheath of these tendons. A transverse section through the carpus (fig. 634) shows that the tendons have been invaginated into the sheath from the lateral side. The parietal layer lines the flexor retinaculum and the floor of the earpal tunnel and is reflected, at the lateral side, on to the tendons of the flexor digitorum sublimis from in front, and on to those of the flexor digitorum profundus from behind. On the medial side a recess of the sheath is insinuated between the two groups of tendons for a variable distance. The sheath of the tendon of the Flexor pollicis longus, which may be separate or may communicate with the common flexor sheath behind the flexor retinaculum, is continued along the thumb as far as the insertion of the tendon.
 The extensor retinaculum (dorsal carpal ligament) (fig. 636) is a strong, fibrous band, extending obliquely across the back of the wrist, and consisting of part of the antebrachial fascia, strengthened by the addition of some transverse fibers. It is attached medially, to the styloid process of the ulna and to the triquetral and pisiform bones; laterally, to the anterior border of the radius; and, in its passage across the wrist, to the ridges on the posterior surface of the radius.
 The synovial sheaths of the tendons on the back of the wrist.-Deep to the extensor retinaculum there are six tunnels for the passage of the extensor tendons, each tunnel containing a synovial sheath. One is found in each of the following positions (fig. 636) : (1) on the lateral side of the stvloid process of the radius, for the tendons of the Abductor pollicis longus and Extensor pollicis brevis; (2) behind the styloid process; for the tendons of the Extensores carpi radiales longus et brevis; (3) about the middle of the posterior surface of the radius, for the tendon of the Extensor pollicis longus; (4) on the medial side of the latter, for the tendons of the Extensor digitorum and Extensor indicis; (5) opposite the interval between the radius and ulna., for the Extensor digiti minimi; (6) between the heard and the styloid process of the ulna, for the tendon of the Extensor carpi ulnaris. The sheaths of the tendons of the Abductor pollicis longus; Extensores pollicis brevis et longus, Extensores carpi radiales, and Extensor carpi ulnaris stop immediately proximal to the bases of the metacarpal bones, while those of the Extensor digitorum, Extensor indicis and Extensor digiti minimi are prolonged to the junction of the proximal with the intermediate one-third of the metacarpus.
 The palmar aponeurosis (fig. 637) invests the muscles of the palm and consists of central, lateral and medial portions. The central, portion occupies the middle of the palm, is triangular in shape, and of great strength and thickness. Its apex is continuous with the distal margin of the flexor retinaculum (transverse carpal ligament) and gives insertion to the expanded tendon of the Palmaris longus. Its base divides into four slips, one for each finger. The slips give off superficial fibers to the skin of the palm and fingers; those to the palm joining the skin at the furrow corresponding to the metacarpophalangeal joints, and those to the fingers passing into the skin at the transverse folds at the roots of the fingers. The deeper part of each slip subdivides into two processes which are inserted into the fibrous sheaths of the flexor tendons; from the sides of these processes offsets are attached to the deep transverse ligaments of the palm (transverse metacarpal ligaments). By this arrangement short channels are formed on the front of the heads of the metacarpal bones; through these the flexor tendons pass. The intervals between the four slips transmit the digital vessels and nerves, and the tendons of the Lumbrical muscles. At the points of division into the slips mentioned, numerous strong, transverse fibers bind the separate processes together. The central part of the palmar aponeurosis is intimately bound to the skin by dense fiber-areolar tissue, and the proximal part of its medial margin gives origin to the Palmaris brevis. It covers the superficial palmar arch, the tendons of the Flexores digitorum, the terminal part of the median nerve; and the superficial part of the ulnar nerve; on each side it gives off an indefinite septum, which separates the intermediate from the lateral and medial groups of muscles. The lateral and medial portions of the palmar aponeurosis are thin fibrous layers which cover the muscles of the ball of the thumb and the short muscles of the little finger respectively; they are continuous with the central portion and with the fascia on the dorsum of the hand. The superficial transverse ligament of the palm forms a thin band (fig. 637) which stretches across the roots of the fingers, and is attached to the shin of the clefts, and medially to the fifth metacarpal bone, forming a sort of rudimentary web. The digital vessels and nerves pass deep to these fasciculi. Applied Anatomy.-The palmar aponeurosis is liable to undergo contraction, producing a very inconvenient deformity known as Dupuytren's contraction.' The ring and little fingers are most frequently implicated, but the others may also be involved. The proximal phalanx is flexed and cannot be straightened, and the middle and distal phalanges become similarly flexed as the disease advances. Owing to their constant exposure to injury and septic influences, the fingers are very liable to become the seat of serious inflammatory mischief. In some cases, the inflammation may involve the sheath or theca of the flexor tendons and may spread rapidly upwards along it; but the extent will depend upon the particular digit involved. From the description of the flexor sheaths given above, it will be evident that inflammation of the synovial sheaths of the thumb and little finger may prove a far more formidable affection than that of the other three digits, because the sheaths of these two digits communicate with the large synovial sheath which surrounds the flexor tendons, and the inflammation may extend into the palm of the hand and behind the flexor retinaculum into the forearm. Chronic inflammation of the common flexor sheath is occasionally met with, constituting a disease known as compound palmar ganglion; it presents an hour-glass outline, with a swelling in front of the wrist and another in the palm of the hand, and a constriction, corresponding to each flexor retinaculum, between the two. The fluid can the forced from the one lining to the other under the retinaculum, and when this is done a creaking sensation is sometimes perceived, from the presence of 'melon-seed' bodies in the interior of the ganglion. 1. THE LATERAL MUSCLES OF THE PALM. (figs. 638, 639, 640)
The Abductor pollicis brevis (fig. 640) is a thin, subcutaneous muscle which occupies the radial part of the thenar eminence; its chief origin is from the flexor retinaculum (transverse carpal ligament), but a few fibers spring from the tubercle of the scaphoid bone and the crest of the trapezium and frequently some arise from the tendon of the Abductor pollicis longus. It is inserted by a thin, flat tendon into the radial side of the base of the proximal phalanx of the thumb; it also sends a slip to the tendon of the Extensor pollicis longus. Nerve-supply-The Abductor pollicis brevis is supplied by the lateral ter. urinal branch of the median nerve. Actions.-The Abductor pollicis brevis draws the thumb forwards in a plane at right angles to the palm of the hand. The Opponens pollicis (figs. 638, 631) is placed under cover of the Abductor pollicis brevis. It arises from the crest on the trapezium and from the flexor retinaculum, and is inserted into the whole length of the lateral border, and the lateral one-half of the palmar surface; of the metacarpal bone of the thumb. Nerve-supply.-The Opponens pollicis is supplied by the lateral terminal branch of the median nerve.
 Actions.---The Opponens pollicis flexes the metacarpal bone of the thumb, i.e. bends it medially across the palm of the hand, and rotates it medially. By this combination, which is termed opposition, the palmar surface of the tip of the thumb can be brought into contact with the palmar surface of the tip of any of the fingers. The Flexor pollicis brevis (fig. 640) lies on the ulnar side of the Abductor pollicis brevis. It arises from the lower border of the flexor retinaculum and the lower part of the crest on the trapezium; it passes along the radial side of the tendon of the Flexor pollicis longus, and is inserted into the radial side of the base of the proximal phalanx of the thumb; in its tendon of insertion there is a sesamoid bone. It is frequently more or less blended with the medial border of the opponens pollicis. In the B.N.A. the Flexor pollicis brevis has a deep head, which is now described as the first palmar interosseous muscle. Nerve-supply.-The Flexor pollicis brevis is supplied by the lateral terminal branch of the median nerve. Actions.-The Flexor pollicis brevis flexes the proximal phalanx of the thumb. The Adductor pollicis (fig. 639) arises by two heads, an oblique and a transverse. The oblique head arises from the capitate and trapezoid (lesser multangular) bones, the bases of the second and third metacarpal bones, the palmar ligaments of the corpus and the sheath of the tendon of the Flexor carpi radialis. Most of its fibers converge to a tendon, which, uniting with the tendons of the first palmar interosseous muscle (deep portion of the Flexor pollicis brevis) and the transverse head of the Adductor, is inserted into the ulnar side of the base of the proximal phalanx of the thumb, a sesamoid bone being present in the tendon. A considerable fasciculus, however, passes deep to the tendon of the Flexor pollicis longus and joins the Flexor pollicis brevis and the Abductor pollicis brevis. The transverse head (fig. 639) is the most deeply seated of this group of muscles. It is of a triangular form, and arises from the distal two-thirds of the palmar surface of the third metacarpal bone; the fibers converge to be inserted, with the oblique head of the muscle and with the first palmar interosseous muscle, into the ulnar side of the base of the proximal phalanx of the thumb.
 Nerve-supply.-The Adductor pollicis is supplied by the deep branch of the ulnar nerve. Action-The Adductor pollicis approximates the thumb to the palm of the hand. 2. THE MEDIAL MUSCLES OF THE PALM (figs. 639, 640)
The Palmaris brevis (fig. 637) is a thin, quadrilateral muscle, placed beneath the skin of the ulnar side of the hand. It arises from the flexor retinaculum (transverse carpal ligament) and from the medial border of the central part of the palmar aponeurosis; it is inserted into the skin on the ulnar border of the hand. Nerve-supply.-The Palmaris brevis is supplied by the superficial branch of the ulnar nerve. Action.-The Palmaris brevis wrinkles the skin on the ulnar side of the palm of the hand.
 The Abductor digiti minimi (fig. 640) is situated on the ulnar border of the palm of the hand. It arises from the pisiform bone, from the tendon of the Flexor carpi ulnaris and from the pisohamate ligament. It ends in a flat tendon which divides into two slips; one is inserted into the ulnar side of the base of the proximal phalanx of the little finger, the other into the ulnar border of the aponeurosis of the Extensor digiti minimi. Nerve-supply.-The Abductor digiti minimi is supplied by the deep branch of the ulnar nerve. Action.-The Abductor digiti minimi abducts the proximal phalanx of the little finger. The Flexor digiti minimi (Flexor digiti quinti brevis) (fig. 640) lies on the radial side of the preceding muscle. It arises from the convex surface of the hook of the hamate bone and the palmar surface of the flexor retinaculum, and is inserted into the ulnar side of the base of the proximal phalanx of the little finger with the Abductor digiti minimi. Its origin is separated from that of the Abductor by the deep branches of the ulnar artery and nerve. This muscle may be wanting, or may be fused with the Abductor. Nerve-supply.---The Flexor digiti minimi is supplied by the deep branch of the ulnar nerve. Actions.--The Flexor digiti minimi flexes the proximal phalanx of the little finger. The Opponens digiti minimi (fig. 639) is of a triangular form; and placed under cover of the Flexor and Abductor. It arises from the convexity of the hoof of the hamate bone, and contiguous portion of the flexor retinaculum; it is inserted into the whole length of the ulnar margin of the fifth metacarpal bone. Nerve-supply.-The Opponens digiti minimi is supplied by the deep branch of the ulnar nerve. Action.-The Opponens digiti minimi draws the fifth metacarpal bone forwards and laterally, so as to deepen the hollow of the palm. 3. THE INTERMEDIATE MUSCLES
The Lumbricals (fig. 640) are four small fleshy fasciculi which take origin from the tendons of the Flexor digitorum profundus. The first and second arise from the radial sides and palmar surfaces of the tendons of the index and middle fingers respectively; the third, from the contiguous sides of the tendons of the middle and ring fingers; and the fourth, from the contiguous sides of the tendons of the ring and little fingers. Each passes to the radial side of the corresponding finger, and is inserted partly into the base of the proximal phalanx but mainly into the lateral margin of the tendinous expansion of the Extensor digitorum covering the dorsal surface of the finger. Nerve-supply.-The first and second Lumbricals are supplied by the median nerve : the third and fourth Lumbricals by the deep terminal branch of the ulnar nerve. The third Lumbrical frequently receives a twig from the median nerve. ' Actions.---The Lumbricals flex the proximal and extend the middle and distal phalanges, a combination of movements which is called for in the upstroke in writing, etc. The Interossei occupy the intervals between the metacarpal bones, and are divided into a dorsal and a palmar set. The Interossei dorsales (fig. 641), four in number, are bipennate muscles, each arising by two heads from the adjacent sides of the metacarpal bones, but more extensively from the metacarpal bone of the finger into which the muscle is inserted. They are inserted into the bases of the proximal phalanges and into the aponeuroses of the tendons of the Extensor digitorum. Between the double origin of each of these muscles there is a narrow triangular interval; through the first of these intervals the radial artery passes; through each of the otlhers a perforating branch from the deep palmar arch is transmitted. The first, and largest; is sometimes named the Abductor indicis; it is inserted into the radial side of the index finger. The second and third are inserted into the middle finger, the former into its radial, the latter into its ulnar side. The fourth is inserted into the ulnar side of the ring finger. The Interossei palmares (fig. 642), four in number, are smaller than the dorsal interossei, and are placed upon the palmar surfaces of the metacarpal bones, rather than between them. With the exception of the first, each arises from the entire length of the metacarpal bone of one finger, and is inserted into the side of the base of the proximal phalanx of the same finger, and into the aponeurosis of the Extensor digitorum tendon. The first (formerly known as the 'deep head of the Flexor pollicis brevis') arises from the ulnar side of the palmar aspect of the base of the first metacarpal bone (fig. 638), and is inserted into the ulnar side of the base of the proximal phalanx of the thumb; in common with the principal part of the oblique bead of the Adductor pollicis. It lies in front of the lateral head of the first Dorsal interosseous muscle, and is covered by the oblique head of the adductor pollicis. The second arises from the ulnar side of the second metacarpal bone, and is inserted into the same side of the proximal phalanx of the index finger. The third arises from the radial side of the fourth metacarpal bone, and is inserted into the same side of the ring finger. The fourth arises from the radial side of the fifth metacarpal bone, and is inserted into the same side of the little finger. From this account it may be seen that each finger is provided with a pair of Interosseous muscles, with the exception of the little finger, in which the Abductor digiti minimi takes the place of one of the pair.
 Nerve-supply.-Both dorsal and palmar interossei are supplied by the deep branch of the ulnar nerve. Actions.---The dorsal interossei abduct the fingers from an imaginary line drawn longitudinally through the center of the middle finger; and the palmar interossei adduct the fingers to that line. The Interossei, in conjunction with the Lumbricals, flex the proximal phalanges, and, in consequence of their insertions into the expansions of the Extensor tendons, extend the middle and distal phalanges. The first Palmar interosseous flexes the proximal phalanx of the thumb. SEGMENTAL INNERVATTON OF THE MUSCLES OF THE HAND Clinical observations indicate that all the small muscles of the hand receive their motor innervation from T. 1. |
 Gray's Anatomy 1. Embriology 2. Osteology  Vertebral Column
General Characteristics of a VertebraCervical VertebraThoracic VertebraLumbar VertebraSacral and Coccygeal VertebraVertebral Column as a WholeSternumRibsCostal CartilagesThorax Skull
Introduction Exterior SkullSuperior viewAnterior viewOrbitLateral viewPosterior viewInferior view Interior SkullIntroduction & Skull CapAnterior Cranial FossaMiddle Cranial FossaPosterior Cranial FossaNasal cavityMandibleHyoid Bone Cranial Bones
Occipital BoneSphenoid BoneTemporal BonesParietal BonesFrontal BoneEthmoid BoneInferior Nasal ConchaLacrimal BonesNasal BonesVomerSutural Bones Facial Bones
MaxillaPalatine BoneZygomatic BoneDifferences in Skull due to AgeSex Differences in Skull & Craniology Extremities
Extremities Upper Extremity BonesScapulaClavicleHumerusRadiusUlna HandSkeleton of the HandCarpalsMetacarpalsPhalanges of the HandOssification of bones of the Hand Lower Extremity BonesHip BonePelvisFemurPatellaTibiaFibula FootSkeleton of the FootTarsalsMetatarsalsPhalanges of the FootOssification of bones of the FootComparison of the Bones of the Hand and FootSesamoid Bones 3. Arthrology Trunk Articulations
Mandibular joint (temporomandibular joint) Vertebral Column ArticulationsJoints of the Vertebral BodiesJoints of the Vertebral ArchesSacrococcygeal JointAtlantoaxial Articulation (C1-C2)Vertebral Column with the CraniumCostovertebral ArticulationsSternocostal ArticulationsInterchondral ArticulationsSternal ArticulationsMechanism of the Thorax Upper Extremity Articulations
Sternoclavicular (SC) JointAcromioclavicular (AC) JointLigaments of the ScapulaShoulder Joint (glenohumeral – GH)Elbow JointRadioulnar JointsRadiocarpal Joints (wrist-joint)Intercarpal ArticulationsCarpometacarpal & Intermetacarpal ArticulationsMetacarpophalangeal ArticulationsInterphalangeal Joints Pelvis Articulations
Lower Extremity Articulations
Hip-joint (acetabulofemoral joint - AF)Knee jointTibiofibular JointsAnkle-joint (talocrural)Intertarsal ArticulationsTarsometatarsal & Intermetatarsal ArticulationsMetatarsophalangeal & Interphalangeal ArticulationsArches of the Foot 4. Myology Muscles of the Head
Muscles of the ScalpMuscles of the EyelidMuscles of the NoseMuscles of the MouthMuscles of Mastication Muscles of the Anterolateral Region of the NeckAnterolateral RegionSuperficial & Lateral Cervical MusclesSupra and Infrahyoid MusclesAnterior Vertebral MusclesLateral Vertebral Muscles Muscles of the Trunk
Deep Muscles of the BackSuboccipital MusclesMuscles of the ThoraxMechanism of RespirationMuscles and Fascia of the AbdomenMuscles and Fascia of the PelvisMuscles and Fascia of the PerineumMuscles of the Urogenital Region - MaleMuscles of the Urogenital Region - Female Muscles of the Upper Extremity
Muscles Connecting the Upper Extremity to the Vertebral ColumnMuscles Connecting the Upper Extremity to the Thoracic WallsMuscles and Fascia of the ShoulderMuscles and Fascia of the ArmMuscles and Fascia of the ForearmMuscles and Fascia of the Hand Muscles of the Lower Extremity
Muscles and Fascia of the Iliac Region Muscles and Fascia of the ThighAnterior Femoral MusclesMedial Femoral MusclesMuscles of the Gluteal RegionPosterior Femoral Muscles Muscles and Fascia of the LegAnterior Shin (crural) MusclesPosterior Crural MusclesLateral Crural MusclesFascia Around the AnkleMuscles and Fascia of the Foot 5. Angiology Thoracic Cavity
6. The Arteries Arteries of the Head and Neck
a) Common Carotid ArteryRelationsExternal Carotid Artery Triangles of the Neck Internal Carotid Arteryb) Arteries of the Brain Arteries of the Upper Extremity
Arteries of the Trunk
Descending Aorta Thoracic Aorta Abdominal Aorta Common Iliac Arteries Hypogastric Artery External Iliac Artery Arteries of the Lower Extremity
Femoral Artery Popliteal Fossa Popliteal Artery Anterior Tibial Artery Dorsalis Pedis ArteryPosterior Tibial Artery 7. The Veins Systemic Veins
Veins of the Heart Veins of the Head and NeckVeins of the Exterior of the Head and FaceVeins of the Neck Diploic Veins Veins of the Brain Venous Sinuses of the Dura Mater (Opthalmic and Emissary Veins)Veins of the Upper Extremity and Thorax Veins of the Lower Extremity, Abdomen, and Pelvis 8. The Lymphatic System 9. Neurology Brain or Encephalon
IntroductionHind-brain or RhombencephalonMid-brain or MesencephalonFore-brain or ProsencephalonComposition and Central Connections of the Spinal NervesComposition and Central Connections of the Spinal Nerves 2Pathways from the Brain to the Spinal CordMeninges of the Brain and Medulla Oblongata (Spinalis)Cerebrospinal Fluid Cranial Nerves
Introduction1. Olfactory Nerves2. Optic Nerve3. Oculomotor Nerve4. Trochlear Nerve5. Trigeminal Nerve6. Abducent Nerve7. Facial Nerve8. Acoustic Nerve9. Glossopharyngeal Nerve10. Vagus Nerve11. Accessory Nerve12. Hypoglossal Nerve Spinal Nerves
IntroductionPosterior DivisionsAnterior DivisionsThoracic NervesLumbosacral PlexusSacral and Coccygeal Nerves Sympathetic Nerves
IntroductionCephalic Portion of the Sympathetic SystemCervical Portion of the Sympathetic SystemThoracic Portion of the Sympathetic SystemAbdominal Portion of the Sympathetic SystemPelvic Portion of the Sympathetic SystemGreat Plexuses of the Sympathetic System 10. The Organs of the Senses and the Common Integument The Peripheral Organs of the Special Senses
a. The Organs of Tasteb. The Organ of Smellc. The Organ of Sight 1. The Tunics of the Eye 2. The Refracting Media 3. The Accessory Organs of the Eyed. The Organ of Hearing 1. The External Ear 2. The Middle Ear or Tympanic Cavity 3. The Auditory Ossicles 4. The Internal Ear or Labyrinthe. Peripheral Terminations of Nerves of General Sensations 11. Splanchnology The Respiratory Apparatus
The Respiratory Apparatus a. The Larynx b. The Trachea and Bronchi c. The Pleurae d. The Mediastinum e. The Lungs The Digestive Apparatus
The Digestive Apparatus a. The Mouth b. The Fauces c. The Pharynx d. The Esophagus e. The Abdomen f. The Stomach g. The Small Intestine h. The Large Intestine i. The Liver j. The Pancreas The Urogenital Apparatus
a. Development of the Urinary and Generative OrgansDevelopment of the Urinary and Generative Organs b. The Urinary Organs 1. The Kidneys 2. The Ureters 3. The Urinary Bladder 4. The Male Urethra 5. The Female Urethra c. The Male Genital Organs 1. The Testes and their Coverings 2. The Ductus Deferens 3. The Vesiculae Seminales 4. The Ejaculatory Ducts 5. The Penis 6. The Prostate 7. The Bulbourethral Glands d. The Female Genital OrgansThe Female Genital Organs 1. The Ovaries 2. The Uterine Tube 3. The Uterus 4. The Vagina 5. The External Organs 6. The Mammae The Ductless Glands
a. The Thyroid Glandb. The Parathyroid Glandsc. The Thymusd. The Hypophysis Cerebrie. The Pineal Bodyf. The Chromaphil and Cortical Systemsg. The Spleen 12. Surface Anatomy and Surface Markings Muscle Tables
Muscles of facial expressionMuscles of masticationEye movementPalatePharynxLarynxTongue musclesHyoid MusclesAnterior & Lateral NeckPrevertebralPosterior Neck MusclesSuperficial backDeep backShoulder musclesArm musclesAnterior ForearmPosterior ForearmHand musclesThoracic wallAnterior abdominal wallPosterior abdominal wallPelvic floor musclesGluteal regionPosterior thighAnterior thighMedial thighAnterior & lateral legPosterior legFoot Quizzes 1. Introduction
Anatomical TermsBody RegionsSkeleton IntroductionBones Hand-FootLandmarksJoint ClassificationsActionsMuscle ShapesMuscles Introduction 2. Head & Face
3. Neck
4. Torso
Trunk BonesAnterior TrunkTorso JointsAbdominal Muscles IntroductionBack Muscles IntroductionBack Muscles SuperficialBack Muscles DeepBack Muscles TransversospinalisVertebrae Detailed 5. Shoulder & Arm
6. Forearm, Wrist & Hand
BonesLigamentsAnterior Muscles IntroductionPosterior Muscles IntroductionThenar MusclesCentral Hand MusclesHypothenar Muscles 7. Hip, Thigh & Knee
8. Leg, Ankle & Foot
BonesLigamentsAnterior Leg MusclesLateral Leg MusclesPosterior leg SuperficialPosterior Leg DeepFoot Muscles
| ||||||||||