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| Muscle | Origin | Insertion | Action | Nerve |
| genioglossus | superior mental spine (posterior surface of symphysis menti) | central mass of tongue & mucous membrane | protraction of tongue | hypoglossal nerve (CN XII) |
| hyoglossus | hyoid bone (superior border of greater cornu) | tongue (lateral side) | depression of tongue | hypoglossal nerve (CN XII) |
| intrinsic tongue muscles | superior & inferior longitudinal, transverse & vertical elements | mucous membrane, septum & other muscles of tongue | change shape of tongue to aid mastication, speech & swallowing | hypoglossal nerve (CN XII) |
| levator veli palatini | temporal bone (apex of inferior surface of petrous portion) & medial rim of auditory tube | palatine aponeurosis | elevation, retraction & lateral deviation of soft palate; may open auditory tube on swallowing | pharyngeal branch of vagus nerve (X) with its motor fibers from cranial accessory nerve (XI) |
| m. uvulae | posterior border of hard palate | palatine aponeurosis | shapes uvula | pharyngeal branch of vagus nerve (X) with its motor fibers from cranial accessory nerve (XI) |
| pharynx - constrictor inferior | cricopharyngeus: cricoid cartilage (lateral aspect); thyropharyngeus: thyroid cartilage (oblique line) & fibrous cricothyroid arch | cricopharyngeus: continuous with muscle of opposite side, behind pharynx; thyropharyngeus : lower pharyngeal raphe | assists swallowing; cricopharyngeus acts as upper esophageal sphincter | pharyngeal plexus (IX, X & sympathetic via pharyngeal branch of X with motor fibers from spinal accessory (XI) |
| pharynx - constrictor middle | stylohyoid ligament (lower third) hyoid bone (lesser cornu & superior border of greater cornu) | pharyngeal raphe (middle portion) | assists in swallowing | pharyngeal plexus (IX, X & sympathetic via pharyngeal branch of X with motor fibers from spinal accessory (XI) |
| pharynx - constrictor superior | medial pterygoid plate (lower two thirds), pterygomandibular raphe & mylohyoid line on mandible (posterior portion) | pharyngeal raphe (upper midline) & occipital bone (pharyngeal tubercle of clivus) | assists swallowing | pharyngeal plexus (IX, X & sympathetic via pharyngeal branch of X with motor fibers from spinal accessory (XI) |
| pharynx - palatoglossus | palatine aponeurosis | posterolateral tongue | assists initiation of swallowing; elevation of posterior tongue & closes oropharyngeal isthmus | pharyngeal plexus (IX, X & sympathetic via pharyngeal branch of X with motor fibers from spinal accessory (XI) |
| pharynx - palatopharyngeus | palatine aponeurosis & hard palate (posterior margin) | thyroid cartilage (upper border) & blends with constrictor fibers; upper fibers interdigitate with opposite side (Passavant's ridge) | elevation of pharynx & larynx; Passavant's muscle closes nasopharyngeal isthmus during swallowing | pharyngeal plexus (IX, X & sympathetic via pharyngeal branch of X with motor fibers from spinal accessory (XI) |
| pharynx - salpingopharyngeus | inferior cartilage & mucosa of pharyngeal orifice of auditory tube | thyroid cartilage (upper border) & inferior constrictor muscle fibers | elevation of pharynx & larynx & aids swallowing; opens auditory canal during swallowing | pharyngeal plexus (IX, X & sympathetic via pharyngeal branch of X with motor fibers from spinal accessory (XI) |
| stylopharyngeus | styloid process (medial aspect) | thyroid cartilage (posterolateral border) | Elevation of larynx & pharynx; assists in swallowing | glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) |
| tensor veli palatini | sphenoid bone (scaphoid fossa & medial aspect of spine) | palatine aponeurosis (via pulley of pterygoid hamulus) | tenses soft palate prior to elevation | trigeminal nerve (CN V, mandibular branch) |
Vertebral Column