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Effleurage
A continuous gliding motion applied to the body with the palmar surface of the hands in constant contact with the body. Pressure is applied evenly on the 'up stroke' with light pressure on the 'return stroke.'
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Stroking
Movement of the therapist contact points over a comparatively extended area of the body, with pressure maintained more or less constant throughout the stroke. Pressure may be applied varying from the light touch to deep pressure depending on desired effect & patient tolerance
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Petrissage
Alternate pressure & release of soft tissue applied with compressing towards underlying structures or by lifting soft tissues.
5 Types of Petrissage:
Compressive Techniques
Kneading
Muscle compressions
Lifting Techniques
Wringing
Picking Up
Skin Rolling
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Kneading - compressive petrissage using palms, thumbs, finger tips or knuckles applied in rhythmical circular motions with alternating pressure & release.
There are 5 kneading subtypes:
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1 Palmar: single, single reinforced, double alternating
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2 Thumb: double simultaneous, double alternating, single reinforced
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3 Fingertip: single, single reinforced
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4 Knuckle: single, double alternating, reinforced
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5 Open-C: double alternating
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Muscle Compressions - pressing & releasing of soft tissues with fingers & palms of hands
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Wringing - applying equal pressure on opposite sides of the tissue structure, lifting & pushing in opposite directions
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Picking-up - applying equal pressure on the sides of the tissue structure & lifting it away from the body
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Skin Rolling - cutaneous & subcutaneous tissues are grasped & lifted away from underlying tissues & then rolled between fingers with pressure towards the underlying structures
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Tapotement
Drumming hand movements on broad areas using fists, fingertips & heels, ulnar border or flat hand over fleshy areas.
There are 9 subtypes of tapotement techniques:
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1 Pincement: quick, light pinching movements using the thumbs & fingertips
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2 Fingertip tapping: alternating percussive movements of each finger using the fingertips pads.
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3 Point percussion: percussive movements performed with the fingertips, one hand alternating after the other.
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4 Clapping: performed with the palmar surface & the fingers striking flat against the surface of the body.
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5 Cupping: percussive movements performed with the palms held in a cupped position creating a light vacuum & suction effect between the hand & the body.
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6 Loose digital ulnar border percussion: percussive movements applied to the body part being treated using the ulnar border of the hand & dorsal aspect of the 3rd, 4th & 5th digits.
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7 Hard digital ulnar border percussion: percussive movements applied with the ulnar border of the hand with fingers extended.
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8 Knuckle percussion: percussive movements performed with the hand held in a loosely closed fist. Contact is made with the dorsal aspect of the middle phalanges & the hypothenar & thenar eminences.
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9 Pounding: percussive movements performed with the ulnar border of the hand & 5th digit held in a loosely closed fist.
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Vibrations
Tremulous movement of palms or fingertips against a body part causing it to vibrate; maybe fine or coarse meaning degree of movement, rate of vibration & pressure; may be static or running (localized or moving along length of surface being treated)
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Shaking & Jostling
A course vibration applied to muscle groups, limbs or torso with constant contact & physically shaking tissue
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Rocking
An introductory or ending rhythmical oscillating massage technique applied to the body
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Myofascial Release
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Shearing - parallel forces are applied to the tissue & against the tissue that is causing the restriction
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Stripping
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Rolling
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Musculotendinous Release
Stretching & softening of muscle & their attachment sites
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Muscle Tables
